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APA Style Guide
HTML and PDF versions are short guides to the use of APA style. Consult the print version of the style manual in your campus library Reference Collection for additional information:
BF 76.7 .P83 2009
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed.
For further assistance, visit a Librarian at the Reference Desk in your campus library. The following sites may also be helpful:
Style Guides by Subject Area:Biology
Business
Chemistry
Geography
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Citing Statistics Canada Products (Examples)
APA Style Guide (HTML Version):
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APA CITATION STYLE
OKANAGAN COLLEGE LIBRARY
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The
Okanagan College Psychology and Business Administration Departments
require the use of American Psychological Association (APA) style for
citing references in student papers. APA style is also used in some
courses in Arts, Science and Health. It is important to remain
consistent within the paper and to use the style recommended by your
college professor or instructor.
The examples in this guide cover frequently used citation forms only. For more detailed information refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) (BF 76.7 .P83 2009).
GENERAL RULES
- Double-space your paper, including the reference list.
- Format reference list entries with a hanging indent: indent .5 inches (1.27cm).
- Arrange reference list entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author or by title if there is no author.
- Use only the initial(s) of the author's given name, not the full name.
- If the reference list includes two or more entries by the same author(s), list them in chronological order (oldest first).
- Capitalize only the first letter of the first word in the article title and subtitle. Capitalize all words of proper names.
- Italicize journal titles and volume numbers. Do not italicize issue numbers. Italicize book titles.
- References cited in text must appear in the reference list and vice
versa. The only exceptions to this rule are personal communications and
secondary sources, which are cited in text only and not included in the
reference list. (See in text examples 7 & 10).
- Any
republished tables or figures (including photographs and illustrations)
must be clearly marked as reprinted or adapted, and the original source
must be provided both in the text and in a footnote to the table or
figure.
EXAMPLES OF REFERENCE LIST ENTRIES AND CITATIONS IN TEXT
Journal article: 1 author: With DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
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REFERENCE LIST:
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Manouselis, N. (2008). Deploying and evaluating multiattribute product recommendation in
e-markets. International Journal of Management & Decision Making, 9, 43-61.
doi:10.1504/IJMDM.2008.016041
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| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(Manouselis, 2008) |
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| Journal article: 2 authors: Print version: Paginated by issue |
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REFERENCE LIST:
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Noonan, J. R., & Johnson, R. K. (2002). The misuse of the diagnosis of bipolar disorder in the
forensic context. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 20(3), 5-19. |
| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(Noonan & Johnson, 2002) |
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Journal article: 3-5 authors: Retrieved from database: No DOI
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REFERENCE LIST:
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Davis, J. M., Lee, L. S., & Yi, M. Y. (2009). Time-user preference and technology acceptance:
Measure development of computer polychronicity. American Journal of Business, 24, 23-31.
Retrieved from http://proquest.umi.com.ezproxy.okanagan.bc.ca/pqdweb?did
=1879832971& sid=1&Fmt=3&clientid=7018&RQT=309&VName=PQD
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| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
First citation:
(Davis, Lee, & Yi, 2009)
Subsequent citations:
(Davis et al., 2009) |
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Journal article: 6 or 7 authors: With DOI
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REFERENCE LIST:
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Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., et al. (2000). An
experimental evaluation of theory-based mother and mother-child programs for children of
divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 843-856. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych
.2008.11.020
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| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(Wolchik et al., 2000) |
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| Journal article: 8 or more authors: With DOI |
| REFERENCE LIST: |
Lavoie, M.-P., Lam, R. W., Bouchard, G., Sasseville, A., Charron, M.-C., Gagne, A.-M., ...
Hebert, M. (2009). Evidence of a biological effect of light therapy on the retina of patients
with seasonal affective disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 66, 253-258. doi:10.1016
/j.biopsych.2008.11.020
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| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(Lavoie et al., 2009)
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| Journal article: Online: No DOI |
| REFERENCE LIST: |
Crystal, J. D., & Foote, A. L. (2009). Metacognition in animals. Comparative Cognition and
Behavior Reviews, 4, 1-16. Retrieved from http://psyc.queensu.ca/ccbr
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| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(Crystal & Foote, 2009)
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| Magazine article |
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REFERENCE LIST:
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| Padgett, T., & Grillo, I. (2008, August 25). Cocaine capital. Time, 172(8), 28-30. |
| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(Padgett & Grillo, 2008) |
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Magazine article: Online
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| REFERENCE LIST: |
Hutson, B. (2009, August). A unique consumer market. Black Enterprise, 40(1), 52. Retrieved
from http;//www.blackenterprise.com
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| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(Hutson, 2009)
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Newspaper article: No author: Discontinuous pages
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REFERENCE LIST:
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Scientists say music manipulates shoppers. (2000, September 14). The Ottawa Citizen, pp.
A1, A20. |
| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
("Scientists say," 2000) |
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| Newspaper article: Online |
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REFERENCE LIST:
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Taylor, P. (2009, October 22). Study finds recession can be good for your health. The Globe
and Mail. Retrieved from http://www.theglobeandmail.com
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| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(Taylor, 2009) |
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| Book |
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REFERENCE LIST:
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Heschl, A. (2001). The intelligent genome: On the origin of the human mind by mutation and
selection. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. |
| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(Heschl, 2001) |
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| Electronic Book |
| REFERENCE LIST: |
Doh, J. P., & Stumpf, S. A. (2005). Handbook on responsible leadership and governance in
global business. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com
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| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(Doh & Stumpf, 2005)
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| Book: Group author: Author as publisher: 6th edition |
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REFERENCE LIST:
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American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. |
| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
First citation:
(American Psychological Association [APA], 2009)
Subsequent citations:
(APA, 2009) |
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| Edited book |
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REFERENCE LIST:
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Lenzenweger, M. F., & Hooley, J. M. (Eds.). (2002). Priniciples of experimental
psychopathology: Essays in honor of Brendan A. Maher. Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association. |
| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(Lenzenweger & Hooley, 2002) |
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| Article or chapter in an edited book |
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REFERENCE LIST:
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Rasmusson, A. M., & Friedman, M. J. (2002). Gender issues in the neurobiology of PTSD. In
R. Kimerling, P. Quimette, & J. Wolfe (Eds.), Gender and PTSD (pp. 43-75). New York, NY:
The Guilford Press. |
| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(Rasmusson & Friedman, 2002) |
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| Encylopedia article |
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REFERENCE LIST:
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Lindgren, H. C. (2001). Stereotyping. In The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology and
behavioral science (Vol. 4, pp. 1617-1618). New York, NY: Wiley. |
| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(Lindgren, 2001) |
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| Encyclopedia article: Online |
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REFERENCE LIST:
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Shors, T. J., & Horvath, B. (2001). Stress, neural basis of. In International encyclopedia of the
social and behavioral sciences. doi: 10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/03534-8 |
| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(Shors & Horvath, 2001) |
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| Dictionary definition: Online: no date |
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REFERENCE LIST:
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| Materialism (n.d.). In Oxford English dictionary. Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed.com |
| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(Materialism, n.d.) |
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| Data table: Online: From E-Stat |
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REFERENCE LIST:
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Statistics Canada (2006a). Average hours per week of television viewing, by selected age
groups, annual. (Table 502-0002). Retrieved from http://estat.statcan.gc.ca |
| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(Statistics Canada, 2006a) |
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Statistics Canada document: Online
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REFERENCE LIST:
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Statistics Canada. (2006b). Business dynamics in Canada, 2003. Ottawa,
ON: Author.
Retrieved from http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/61-534-XIE/61-534-XIE2006001.htm |
| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(Statistics Canada, 2006b) |
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Lecture Notes: PowerPoint, retrieved from online course system
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| REFERENCE LIST: |
Rempel, K. (2007). Chapter ten: Motivating and rewarding employees. [PowerPoint slides].
Retrieved from Okanagan College Blackboard site: http://mycourses.okanagan.bc.ca |
| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(Rempel, 2007)
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| Article or Chapter in a Course Pack: Reprinted from another source |
| REFERENCE LIST: |
| Gordon, B. (2005). Kate Bush's subversive shoes. In A. Mackie (Ed.), OC course pack: WMST
215: Women and popular culture (pp. 85-98). Kelowna, BC: Okanagan College Bookstore.
(Reprinted from Women and Music: A Journal of Gender and Culture, 9, 37-50). |
| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(Gordon, 2005)
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| Legislation (Revised Statutes of Canada) |
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REFERENCE LIST:
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| Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c.46, s.231(6). |
| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(Criminal Code, 1985) |
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| Legislation (Revised Statutes of British Columbia) |
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REFERENCE LIST:
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| Family Relations Act, R.S.B.C. 1996, c. 128. |
| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(Family Relations Act, 1996) |
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| Case law (Canada Supreme Court Reports) |
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REFERENCE LIST:
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| R. v. Latimer (2000), [2001] 1 S.C.R. 3. |
| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(R. v. Latimer, 2000) |
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| Government annual report |
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REFERENCE LIST:
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British Columbia Ministry of Health (2002). Provincial Health Officer's annual report. Victoria,
BC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.hls.gov.bc.ca/pho/pdf/phoannual2002.pdf
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| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(British Columbia Ministry of Health, 2002) |
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| Corporate annual report: Online |
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REFERENCE LIST:
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WestJet Airlines. (2008). Annual report to shareholders. Calgary, AB: Author. Retrieved from
http://www.sedar.com |
| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(WestJet Airlines, 2008) |
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Technical or Research Report: Retrieved from database: No DOI
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| REFERENCE LIST: |
Datamonitor. (2009). Research in Motion Limited: Company profile. Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.okanagan.bc.ca/login.aspx?direct=true&
AuthType=cookie,ip,url&db=bth&AN=41977079&loginpage=Login.asp&site=ehost-live
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| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(Datamonitor, 2009)
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DVD or Video
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REFERENCE LIST:
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DiCaprio, L. (Producer), & Petersen, L.C. (Writer/Director). (2008). The 11th hour [DVD].
Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Entertainment. |
| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(DiCaprio, 2008) |
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| Online Video: YouTube |
| REFERENCE LIST: |
Patel, A. (2008, January 22). Music and the mind [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZgKFeuzGEns
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| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(Patel, 2008)
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Blog post
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| REFERENCE LIST: |
tara. (2007, November 27). Pullman books pulled. [Web log message]. Retrieved from
http://bclaifc.wordpress.com |
| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(tara, 2007)
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| Web page: No author: No date |
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REFERENCE LIST:
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| The intelligence of dogs. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.petrix.com/dogint/ |
| CITATIONS IN TEXT: |
(The intelligence of dogs, n.d.) |
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CITATIONS IN TEXT
| 1. |
One work by one author |
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Author's name given in the body of your paper:
Manouselis (2008) reported... |
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Author's name not given in the body of your paper:
In a study on the use of online recommendation services (Manouselis, 2008)... |
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| 2. |
One work by two authors |
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... as described in Rasmusson and Friedman's study on gender issues (2002) |
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A study on gender issues (Rasmusson & Friedman, 2002) shows... |
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| 3. |
One work by three, four, or five authors |
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First time cited in your paper: |
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Davis, Lee, & Yi (2009) found that...
A study of the factors affecting new technology adoption (Davis, Lee, & Yi, 2009)... |
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Subsequent citations: |
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Davis et al. (2009) found that...
A study of technology acceptance (Davis et al., 2009)... |
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| 4. |
One work by six or more authors |
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Wolchik et al. (2000) studied children... |
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In a study of children of divorced parents (Wolchik et al., 2000)... |
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| 5. |
Two or more works by the same author named in the same reference |
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Past research (Statistics Canada, 2006a, 2006b) has shown... |
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| 6. |
Two or more works by different authors named in the same reference |
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Past research (Heschl, 2001; Noonan & Johnson, 2002; Wolchik et al., 2000) has shown... |
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| 7. |
Citing a secondary source |
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In Smith's 1998 study (as cited in Rasmusson & Friedman, 2002)... |
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Experimental research (Smith, 1998, as cited in Rasmusson & Friedman, 2002) has shown... |
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Do not include Smith (1998) in the reference list. Do include Rasmusson & Friedman (2002). |
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| 8. |
Direct quotations |
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When you cite direct quotations, include the page number of the quote. |
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Stereotypes have been defined as "generalized and
usually value-laden impressions that one social group uses in
characterizing members of another group" (Lindgren, 2001, p. 1617). |
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| 9. |
Direct quotations in electronic sources without page numbers |
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Use the paragraph number, preceded by the abbreviation para. If the paragraph number is not
visible, cite the heading of the section being quoted and the paragraph number following it. |
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(Hutson, 2009, para. 5) |
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(Shors & Horvath, 2001, Conclusions and Future Directions, para. 3) |
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| 10. |
Personal communications (letters, phone calls, interviews, e-mail messages, etc.) |
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L. Coates (personal communication, December 16, 2008) stated that...
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According to the department chair (L. Coates, personal communication, December 16, 2008) |
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Do not include personal communications in the reference list. Cite them in text only. |
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SAMPLE REFERENCE LIST
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